Food Preservation, Sustaining life from Sustainable Gardens

I found these beautiful old canning jars in a neighbors trash and could not believe my good luck!  I had actually stopped because they had sat an old desk out by the road.  I have been looking for one to use as a base for a potting bench I want to build but alas, it was particle board but there was a box of 12 beautiful jars..

A Facebook friend commented and shared this article with me..

by Lee McDonald

As people moved from earliest times, they needed to feed themselves and the groups with which they associated. From hunter gatherers to farmers and developing civilizations, the technology of successful feeding has been a significant part of human history and the habitation of place. Food storage and preservation materials are on display at the Beaches Museum as a part of the present exhibit of Native and Cultivated Gardens of Florida. Lee McDonald, a resident of the Beaches community since 1989, curates the collection.

The food preservation section of the show illustrates the development of pottery and glassware which is known the world over. There are many similarities in the development of aboriginal pottery, food collection wares, tools, and utensils. Whether the piece is Geto-Dacian from Romania in the time of Alexander the Great or a northeastern Florida native pressed incised pottery decoration from 6,000 years ago. Design followed function and the need to protect and preserve food sources were important to Florida’s inhabitants.

In the United States, early red ware pottery was used as well as others like Salt Glazed and alkaline slip glazed pottery to store meats, grains and vegetables. Salt was used to cure food as well as were several smoking and drying methods. Home canning processes developed among pioneers in America and the use of sealing Home canning processes developed among pioneers in America and the use of sealing wax and a variety of engineered sealing techniques such as metal clamped seals were developed. Glassware for home canning could be observed on the American frontier from 1858 forward. Until this time, flat tin lids were used with wax for sealing preserved food. These were not reusable. John Mason, a tin smith from New York City, invented the Mason jar. He designed a machine that could cut threads into jar tops, which made it possible to screw-on a lid into a formed glass jar. At first the lids were made of zinc and rubber rings were used to affect the seal. This became a practical and affordable way for gardeners, homeowners, and settlers across the country to preserve food they had grown and to transport it across longer distances without spoilage. Mason lived until 1900, but he himself had sold off the patent he held and died a poor man.

Henry William Putnam a native of Vermont invented a fruit jar that used a glass lid and metal clamp to hold the lid in place in 1882. These were easy to open and reseal and were called “lightening jars” because they were quick as lightening to get into.

During the Civil War, foods were transported in crockery; some smaller crocks which were developed for home canning and on many of the major battle fields of the Civil War period, many fragments and, sometimes, entire crocks used to carry preserved foods can still be found. Keeping varmints (critters and insects as well as microbial bacteria) out of grains and food was important. Often these items were stored in designated areas which were cooler, either root cellars or “southern keeping rooms.” Jelly cupboards, pie safes and cabinets were also located in kitchen or food storage areas. I have a food storage cabinet circa 1820 that has mid 19th century repairs to what appear to have been a rat hole that was repaired with hand-forged nails and metals.

The Hazel-Atlas Glass Company was in business from the late 1800’s to 1964 and developed a jar with a lip for use with a metal clamp. These jars were called “strong shoulders” and addressed problems with the cracking which occurred with other forms of the metal clamped “lightening jars”.

William Charles Ball and his five brothers were in the business of manufacturing wood-jacketed tin cans for the storage of oil, lard, and paints. In 1883 they changed their focus to manufacturing glass containers and then, in 1886 when the Buffalo factory burned, they moved to Muncie, Indiana. The Muncie community offered them an incentive to move the business to Indiana by providing free gas and land. They aggressively purchased smaller glass companies and expanded quickly across the nation and became leaders in the industry.

In 1903, Alexander Kerr founded the Hermetic Fruit Jar Company. He developed some of the first wide-mouth jars which were easy to seal. Another inventor, Julius Landsberger, had developed a glass lid with a permanently attached gasket which Kerr used. However, one of the most significant developments occurred in 1915 when Kerr developed a flat metal disk which was held in place by a metal ring. This made it possible to inexpensively reuse glass containers with disposable metal rings.

The Duval County Extension Office offers information and maintains a canning center.
Consult with the following web site for information on various vegetables for home processing. http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl​.edu/2010.MG.VegeTip.Sheet​.pdf or http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/

Water in the Landscape

I found a great Blog today and wanted to share an article she posted.

Gardener Susan’s Blog

Ya’ll probably know by now what a radical environmentalist I am by now!  I feel it is morally wrong to continue to grow lawns of grass that eat up our resources, waste our water especially and pollute our rivers with run-offs that place chemicals in our water sources…

But let’s get on-topic, shall we?  Probably THE most important environmental responsibility we have as landowners and gardeners have to do with water – conserving it as a resource, and making sure the rainwater landing on our property percolates down and is cleaned before it ends up in our waters.   So there’s lots to cover, including topics like how to water efficiently and principles of xeriscaping, which are covered here so I won’t repeat them.  I’ll just recommend two interesting links about water in our gardens:

• I like the “Wise Lawn Care Prevents Water Pollution” hand-out distributed by the city of Alexandria, VA.   Most people believe that avoiding pesticides is all they need to do to protect waterways, so information like this that emphasizes wise fertilization practices is essential.  This brochure tells us to “Fertilize in the fall if at all!”
• A measure is being considered in New Jersey that would severely restrict the polluting nutrients nitrogen and phosphates in lawn fertilizers, and I recommend Tom Christopher’s account on Huffington Post.   He notes that Scotts MiracleGro and TruGreen are fighting the measure, as are some who fear their properties values will decline if their lawns are less green.  But Tom suggests that the solution to make everyone happy (except the aforementioned behemoths of the lawn industry) is to switch to the less resource-intensive fine fescue mixes that are being tested by Rutgers (see Now-Mow Lawn and Eco-Lawn.)  Tom’s also a member of the Lawn Reform Coalition.

Make a House for Solitary Bees

What are Solitary Bees ?

As well as Bumblebees and Honeybees (that live collectively) there are some 200 species of wild bees in the UK that are called ‘solitary bees’ because they make individual nest cells for their larvae. Some species nest in small tunnels or holes in the ground or in sandy banks, piles of sand, or crumbling mortar. Others use the hollow stems of dead plants such as brambles, or tunnels previously bored into dead wood by beetles. Mason Bees and Leafcutter Bees are well-known examples and are common in gardens.
Solitary bees are harmless and do not sting, they do not live in hives or build combs, and they do not swarm.
If you find them (for example in old house walls) please leave them alone. Colonies are very faithful to their nest sites and may have been living there for many decades. They are part of the ‘fine grain’ of your local biodiversity – something to be cherished.

A number of species are commonly seen in gardens, and they are very useful as they pollinate fruit crops. It is easy for gardeners to encourage them. By drilling holes in dry logs or blocks of wood it is possible to create artificial nesting sites for them.

Constructing the House

All you need is a wooden box, open on one side, which is then fixed to a sunny fence or wall. You then fill it with blocks of wood or small logs in which you have drilled small holes. A variety of solitary bees will use these tunnels as nest sites. The box does not need to be deeper than 8ins, but must have an overhang at the top to keep rain off. You may already have a wooden box or a drawer from an old wooden chest of drawers that you can adapt for this purpose. If not, you can make one. The one in the picture is 8ins deep, 12 ins high at the front and 12ins wide, made out of untreated European spruce. I have given it a sloping, slightly overhanging roof to deflect rain.

I have not put a back on the example in photograph, because if you intend to fix the box against a wall or fence, you don’t need to put a back on it, or you can make a back of chicken wire, simply to help keep the wooden blocks in place. If the bee house is to be free standing, fixed to a pole, you will need to give it a wooden back, to give protection from rain and wind.

The dimensions do not have to be exact and you can make a larger bee house if you want. It is also possible to make a very large, free standing one, and pile up drilled logs and timber in it. (See photograph at foot of this page). For the structure of the house you can use any timber that you have to hand, so long as it has not been recently treated with a preservative. If you don’t have any timber around that you can re-cycle, builders merchants often have offcuts of wood available cheaply. Composite materials such as hardboard, chipboard or particleboard tend to disintegrate in the rain and are not suitable.

Inside the shell of the bee house you stack dry logs or sections of untreated timber, up to about 7ins in length, into which you have drilled a selection of holes of varying diameters between 2mm and 10mm, but no bigger. [Note that the diameter of the holes in some commercially sold wooden solitary bee houses is too large, and the bees cannot use them!] The open ends of these holes should face outwards, and must be smooth and free of splinters. If necessary use a countersinking drill bit to clean and smooth the entrance to each hole, as the bees will not enter holes with rough splintered wood around them. Carefully clean away any sawdust, as this will also put them off. If you are able to obtain extra- long drill bits and can drill deep holes into the wood you can make your bee house deeper, and stack longer sections of drilled logs and timber in it.

The bee house must be positioned in full sun, facing south east or south, at least a metre off the ground, and there must be no vegetation in front of it obscuring the entrances to the tunnels. The bees are cold- blooded and rely on the sun’s heat to warm them up in the morning, hence the need for a sunny site. They do not have furry coats to keep themselves warm like bumblebees do.

Bees Take up Residence

Different species of Mason Bees (Osmia) will occupy different diameters of tunnels. They will construct a series of ‘cells’ in each tunnel. In each cell they leave a block of pollen that they have collected from nearby flowers, lay an egg, and wall it up with mud they have collected from the ground nearby (see image of walled-up tubes below right). In dry weather make a small mud patch for them.
Later in the summer, Leafcutter Bees (Megachile) may also use the tunnels, lining their cells with circles of leaf that they cut from wild rose bushes. Include some holes of very small diameter (e.g. 2mm) and you will get various other small solitary bees using them. I suggest drilling some blocks just with very small diameter holes, or having a whole separate bee house of them.

You can also place commercial bee tubes in your bee house. These cardboard tubes are very popular with Mason Bees, but do not suit the smaller species. They are now marketed by a number of on-line suppliers, including CJ Wild Birds Ltd. (www.birdfood.co.uk) and Wiggly Wigglers (www.wigglywigglers.co.uk).

Bee activity will cease by mid-September at the latest. You can then remove the occupied logs and tubes and keep them in a cold dry place during the winter, to protect them from winter wet, replacing them in the bee house in March. An unheated shed, porch, or carport will do. This is very important – winter wet, not cold, is their enemy. Do not store in a warm place – they need to be cold and dry during the winter. Persistent wind-blown rain can dissolve the mud walls of the cells, and cause both wooden and cardboard bee tubes to rot. As autumns and winters are now very rainy, you need to ensure your bee tubes are protected from excessive wet. If your bee house has a good overhanging roof and is waterproof you can leave the tubes there. From April onwards, young bees that have over-wintered in a dormant state inside the tunnels will emerge, and start the cycle over again.

Beware Birds!

If you notice Woodpeckers or other birds attacking the tunnels looking for bee larvae, fix a piece of chicken wire across the front of the bee house. This does not seem to deter the bees.

Make a Bee Post

An even simpler alternative is to make a bee post – drill a variety of holes up to 12mm in diameter into the side of a thick piece of untreated timber, and fix to a sunny wall or fence. (See photograph). Again this should be kept in a dry, cool place in winter and brought out in March. If you like you can give it a roof to deflect rain. Smooth down the entrances to the holes thoroughly so there are no sharp splinters, as these will put the bees off. New fence posts from garden centres are unsuitable because they have been treated with chemicals, but lengths of very old fence posts or old roof joists, such as you often find on skips, are ideal. In my experience the bee post is not as popular with the solitary bees as as as the bee houses described above, but other people have good success with it.

Bundles of dead stems

Bundles of bamboo canes, sawn into lengths about 8ins long just below a joint may also be occupied by solitary bees, as will bundles of rigid dried stems of various herbaceous garden plants, especially raspberries, brambles, teasels, and elder. Some species of bees prefer these stems and will not use drilled holes. Rolls of dried reeds (sold as portable screens in garden centres) can also be cut up and placed in your bee house will be used by very small species of solitary bees. The bundles of stems must be kept completely dry at all times, under some sort of shelter – they will soon rot if exposed to rain. If you make a larger bee house you will have scope to include all of these nesting opportunities.

Buying Bee Houses

A number of commercially made wooden bee houses are available. Some of them are quite expensive, and one particular design does not work as the holes are too large! So beware wasting your money. The beauty of home- made bee houses is that you can use re-cycled or waste wood and logs and make them for virtually nothing. One commercially available model which is worth investing in if you are particularly interested has glass tubes for the bees to nest in. You can open a door and look at the larvae as they develop in their cells in the glass tubes. And of course the cardboard tubes that I mention above, and you can see in the illustrations above, are very popular with Mason Bees.

These are not for Bumblebees

Only solitary bees will use the kind of bee house I describe here. The needs of bumblebees are very different – their nests consist of communal wax combs, which they construct mostly in holes underground or in long tussocky grass. Bumblebee boxes are available from many wildlife gardening outlets, and some are hugely expensive – yet bumblebees rarely take to them. Beware wasting your money! Better to encourage the kind of flowery habitat, not over-manicured, that bumblebees like, and let them find their own nest sites. The website of the Bumblebee Conservation Trust has good advice about bumblebee nests, and how you can make inexpensive nest sites yourself. There is more information about Bumblebees on my BUMBLEBEES page.

A whole insect community

Various other sorts of parasitic solitary wasps and parasitic bees will find your bee house once it is occupied, preying on, or taking over, the nest cells of mason bees. Don’t worry about them, they are all part of the fascinating community of insects.

A larger Bee House

It is easy to make a larger house for solitary bees. I first saw one like this in Switzerland in the early 1980s. Since then I have seen them on several occasions in Germany and Switzerland, but curiously they are rare in the UK. It is time to put that deficiency right!
The one on the left is about 5ft (1.5m) high. made out of recycled wood with part of a disused fence panel at the back.
For more info about some common solitary bees and what flowers will attract them, please download the ‘World of Wild Bees’ fact sheet from my fact sheets page.

There is also an excellent website about the different kinds of solitary bees you are likely to see in your garden at www.insectpix.net

It’s mainly in the details of choosing plants that are suitable for your region and appropriate for your local wildlife that you need to seek local advice. Many of the plants recommended for wildlife gardens in Britain are not suitable for North America.

For example, several well-behaved British wild flowers that are often recommended in the UK as bee and butterfly plants are highly invasive in North America and planting them is banned.
On the other hand, there are many scarlet, trumpet- shaped flowers such as Penstemons, Monardas, Pentas, Epilobium canum, Lonicera sempervirens and Lobelia cardinalis, that are of little or no use to wildlife here in Europe, but are perfect for many North American gardens as they will attract hummingbirds.
Pentas is illustrated on the masthead above, being visited by a female Costa’s Hummingbird. We don’t have hummingbirds in Europe – you are so lucky to have these fascinating litle birds visiting your gardens.

From; http://www.foxleas.com/bee_house.htm

I reproduced this item with permission from “The Pollinator Garden”, www.foxleas.com
© Marc Carlton 2011.